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A language
The mother-tongue or language of habitual use of a translator or interpreter.

accredited translator

Translator who has received accreditation from a professional institute such as the ITI or the ATA. Accreditation – a requirement for membership – is usually issued on the basis of examination and experience.

Ad hoc interpreting

Spoken translation between two languages in informal conversations between two or more people. Used, for example in business meetings, for phone calls, during site visits and social events. The term is sometimes used loosely to include consecutive interpreting.

adaptation

Modifying a text to make it suitable for a different purpose, target readership, region or country. Regional adaptation is a part of localisation. In translation, the adaptation can be carried out, for exemple by the translator, an editor or a copywriter.

agglutination

In linguistics, combining short words or word elements into a single word in order to express compound ideas.

AITI

Ambiguity is a state whereby a word or sentence can be understood in different ways; the former because the word has more than one meaning or the latter because either the ambiguity of a word is not resolved by the context of the sentence or the structure of the sentence can be analysed in such a way as to convey more than one meaning.  Ambiguity can only be resolved by understanding context. The word within its sentence, the sentence within the discourse.

ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange )

ASCII is the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the uppercase and lowercase Latin letters, numbers, punctuation and other symbols.

ATA

American Translators Association.

ATC

Association of Translation Companies (UK).

B language

A language that a translator or  interpreter can speak, read and write almost as well as their native language ( or A language) and well enough to translate into as well as out of.

back translation

The process of translating a document that has already been translated into another language back to the original language - preferably by an independent translator.

back translation

A literal translation of a translation. Helps a translation consultant determine whether the original meaning has been preserved in the target language.

background information

Information relating to the subject matter of the source text or the topic of discussion. Facilitates the translator's or interpreter's task by providing context, terminology, definitions.

background text

Text in the source or target language providing background information about the subject matter of the text to be translated.

bidirectional text ( bidi )

A mixture of characters within a text where some are read from left to right and others from right to left. Bidirectional refers to an application which allows for this variance.

bilingual

Someone with communicative skills in two languages. The terms is often reserved for someone with native or near-native proficiency in two languages. Bilingualism is one of several required abilities of an interpreter.

C language

A language that a translator interpreter can read and understand well enough to translate out of,but cannot write or speak well enough to translate or interpret into.

CALL

Computer Aided Language Learning.

carbon copy

Literal translation, which reproduces the structure of the source language in the target language. It consists of a word for word translation.

CBT ( Computer-based Training )

A form of education in which the student learns by executing special training programs on a computer.

certified translation

A translation that has been reviewed by a translator or translation company and considered an accurate and correct reflection of the source text. To have legal status, certification must be performed before a notary public.

characterset or charset

A defined set of characters used by a specific computer system where no coded representation is assumed. The mapping of characters from a writing system into a set of binary codes such as ANSI or Unicode.

CMS ( content management system )

A system used to store and subsequently find and retrieve large amounts of data. CMSs were not originally designed to synchronize translation and localization of content, so most have been partnered with globalization management systems (GMS).

computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is a field concerned with the processing of natural language by computers.  The term is more often used in an Academic context. It is closely related to Natural Language Processing and Language Engineering.

computer-aided translation, computer-assisted translation (CAT)

Translation with the aid of computer programs designed to reduce the translator's workload and increase consistency of style and terminology. Basically a database in which all previously translated sentences are stored together with the corresponding source text. If, during translation, a sentence appears that is similar to or identical with a previously translated sentence, the program suggests the found target sentence as a possible translation. The translator then decides whether to accept, edit or reject the proposed sentence. Not to be confused with machine translation!

conference interpreter

Interpreter with highly specialised skills who provides simultaneous interpretation of a speakers words in one direction only from one language into another.

consecutive interpreting

Oral translation of a speaker's words into another language when the speaker has finished speaking or pauses for interpreting. More formal than ad hoc interpreting and used, for example in formal business meetings, for negotiations, training sessions or lectures. (cf. simultaneous interpreting).

controlled language

Language with a restricted vocabulary and restricted rules of formulation. Used, for example, in technical documentation to make the text easier to understand for users or for non-native speakers and to facilitate machine translation.

controlled vocabulary

The standardization of words which may be used to search an index, abstract or information database. There is usually a published listing of thesaurus of preferred terms identifying the system's vocabulary.

corpus

A corpus is a body of language, either text or speech, which has been collected and annotated for uses, such as: analysis of language to establish its characteristics analysis of human behaviour (in terms of their use of language) in certain situations training a system, usually to adapt its behaviour to particular linguistic circumstances verifying empirically a theory concerning language providing a test set for a language engineering technique or application to establish how well it works in practice There are national corpora of hundreds of millions of words but there are also corpora which are constructed for particular purposes.  For example, a corpus could comprise recordings of car drivers speaking to a simulation of a voice operated control system which recognises spoken commands.  Such a corpus is then used to help establish the user requirements for a voice operated control system for the market.

court interpreter

Interpreter with special subject knowledge, providing interpretation during legal proceedings. Requirements regarding accreditation and certification for court interpreting vary from country to country.

CSS ( cascading style sheets )

An external format that determines the layout of tagged file formats such as HTML.

delocalization

The delocalization of a linguistic product stems from the fact that you are writing or translating a text into another language in relation to the spoken language in that particular country, in which the editor or the translator of the text lives.

desktop publishing ( DTP )

DTP is sometimes offered by translators and translation companies/agencies as a value-added service to provide a one-stop solution for customers' publishing needs. They will usually have the special equipment required to handle languages that use different typescripts.

diacritic

A mark or sign placed under, over or through a Latin script character which indicates a modification in the phonetic value of the character with which it is associated.

diphtong

A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel sound and gradually changes to another within the same syllable.

disambiguation

The process of rewriting or reconstructing a sentence so that one of its possible meanings is singled out.

domain

A knowledge domain that a user is interested in or is communicating about. A group of computers or devices that shares a common directory database and is administered as a unit.

DTD ( document type definition )

It states what tags and attributes are used to describe content in an SGML document, where each tag is allowed, and which tags can appear within other tags.

dubbing

Translation, interpretation and recording operations so as to provide the soundtrack to a film (publicity, commercial or fictitious) in another language of communication.

editing

In the editorial field (editing consists of rewriting) the task of a skilled writer of a text intended to be published. Even the author of the text can lend a hand in correcting the final version. Multilingual editing designates all the translation operations necessary to produce a document in several languages.

EN 15038

European standard "translation services-service requirements" published in 2006.

EUC ( Extended UNIX Code )

A multibyte encoding design used to encode Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Taiwanese on UNIX systems.

free text

Data which is entered into a field without any formal or predefined structure other than the normal use of grammar and punctuation.

free translation

Translation in which more emphasis is given to the overall meaning of the text than to the exact wording (cf. literal translation).

freelance translator

Self-employed translator, who may undertake work for translation agencies, localisation companies and/or directly for end clients.

FTP ( file transfer protocol )

It is a common way to move files between host computers and sometimes personal computers.

full match

A source text segment which corresponds exactly (100%) with a previously stored sentence in a translation memory (TM) tool.

fuzzymatch

Refers to the situation when a sentence or phrase in a translation memory (TM) is similar (but not a 100% match) to the sentence or phrase the translator is currently working on. The TM tool calculates the degree of similarity (or "fuzziness") as a percentage figure.

geo - style

The geo-style of a language is made up of characteristics specific to a certain country (or geographical zone).

GILT

Globalization, internationalization, localization, translation.

gist

A translation done entirely by software without any human interference.

gist translation

A less-then-perfect translation performed by machine or automatic translation.

gisting

Producing a rough or outline translation of a text to provide an insight into the subject and overall content of the source text. Being less expensive and less time-consuming than a "proper" (or "custom") translation, gisting can be used, for example, to determine whether a text contains useful information before a custom translation is commissioned. The term gisting is sometimes used in connection with machine translation, which is used by some translation providers for that purpose.

globalisation

Globalisation is the process of preparing software for use in any language and cultural environment either by designing it to be usable in this way or by adding facilities to existing software to facilitate subsequent localisation. It is synonymous with Internationalisation.

glocal

This neologism comes from the words "global" and "local." This new adjective combines the opposing signifiers of the two words.

glossarization

Refers to the process of locating and translating product-specific terminology. All available materials undergo a linguistic review, then are compiled and translated to ensure consistency and fluency among different versions.

glossary

This not only makes tranlators' work easier, but – by reducing the amount of terminology research required – speeds up subsequent translation projects. In addition, it ensures consistent and correct terminology usage in all languages. Some translation companies offer glossary compilation and maintenance, either as a separate service or as part of a translation agreement.

glyph

The shape representation or pictograph of a character.

homophone

A word which has the same pronunciation as another, but different meaning, derivation and spelling.

HTML

HTML ( HyperText Markup Language ) is a markup language that uses tags to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists and links, and tells a web browser how to display text and images on a web page.

hypercorrection

The imperfectability of texts can cause the writer or the proofreader to keep making changes forever, despite any grammatical, terminological, or stylistic need to do so. This excess correction is known amongst linguists as hypercorrection.

hypertext

Hypertext is a method commonly used for help files and in the World Wide Web whereby highlighted text is used to provide a link (rather like an index) to related text ( often a more detailed explanation of the item highlighted.

in - house

Internal collaborators within the business. Translators, graphic designers, or in-house writers.

inbound text

Text intended for internal use, generally not seen by people outside the originating organisation. Includes internal correspondence, memos, work instructions, etc..

interference

When two languages are used together often, lexical or syntactical interference frequently occurs. This phenomenon, which describes the errors brought about by the influence of one language on the other, is a classic problem in translation and can be solved by rereading and revising the text several times.

interlingua

An Interlingua is an invented language which can be used as a common, formal representation into which source natural language may be translated and from which target natural language can be generated.

internationalisation (GB), internationalization (US); globalisation

The process of designing or redesigning a product (e.g. software) to facilitate localisation with a minimum of changes. Includes, for example, the arrangement of country-specific data in external resource files and the use of a character encoding method (e.g. Unicode) that supports foreign character sets.

interpret

To interpret is, generally, to attribute meaning to language; but also, to translate from one language to another, usually orally, in real-time.

interpreter

Provides oral (spoken) translation of a speaker's words from one language into another.

interpreting, interpretation

The act of rendering spoken words from source language into target language in oral form.

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Kanji

The name of Japanese ideographic characters that were derived from Chinese origin. Despite the existence of some 13,000 kanji characters, these alone do not suffice to write Japanese. Hiragana characters are also required to express grammatical inflections.

Katakana

An angular phonetic subscript of the Japanese language that renders the sounds of the Japanese language into 50 syllables. Katakana and Hiragana both render the same syllables, but Katakana is angular and used largely to spell words borrowed from other languages, while Hiragana is cursive and is used more frequently to spell native Japanese words.

keystroke

Often used as a measure of line or page length in defining the size of a translation job. Includes all visible characters as well as spaces and line breaks/paragraph marks.

L10N ( localization )

Describes the process of adapting a product or software to a specific international language or culture so that it seems natural to that particular region. True localization considers language, culture, customs and the characteristics of the target locale. While it frequently involves changes to the software's writing system, it may also change the keyboard usage, fonts, date, time and monetary formats. Graphics, colors and sound effects also need to be culturally appropriate. In L10N, the 10 refers to the ten letters between the L and the N.

language engineering

Language engineering is the application of knowledge of language to the development of computer systems which can recognise, understand, interpret and generate human language in all its forms.

language pairing, language combination

The languages between which a translator or interpreter works.

language service provider (LSP)

Provider of translation and other language-related services that may include typesetting, publishing, project management, internationalisation and language teaching.

layout

Positioning and proportionality of graphic elements, photographs, and text on a page.

lemmatise

To lemmatise is to break an inflected word into its root (base form) and ending components.

leverage / leveraging

Refers to the amount of previously translated text from an earlier release that can be reused or recycled.

lexicography

The act of compiling dictionaries.

lexicon

A lexicon is a repository of words and knowledge about those words. This knowledge may include details of the grammatical structure of each word (morphology), the sound structure (phonology), its part of speech, and the meaning of the word in different textual contexts, e.g. depending on the word or punctuation mark before or after it. Lexicons may be ordered either alphabetically or semantically. A useful lexicon may have hundreds of thousands of entries. Lexicons are needed for every language of application. There are a number of special cases which are usually researched and produced separately from general purpose lexicons: dictionaries of proper names, terminology databases, and wordnets. [see ECRAN, PAROLE, SIMPLE, EUROWORDNET, SPARKLE]

liaison interpreter

Interpreter who provides – usually consecutive – interpretation between two languages in both directions. May be affiliated to the host company and act as facilitator in negotiations or undertake some PR activities.

lingua Franca

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

linguist

Someone who is proficient in several languages. A student or practitioner of the subject of linguistics ( the scientific study of languages and their structures ).

linguistic check

Linguistic control makes up the initial sequence of the "Locked-in Quality" procedure (which includes two other processes: correction of identified faults and the validation of the final multilingual text). Linguistic control of multilingual texts is achieved by working within several parameters. Simple ortho-syntactical control can be used as easily as pertinence control (during writing), semantic accuracy (during translation), terminology control or idiomatic phrasing, geographical or social style controls, textual suitability in relation to the layout of the text, etc.

literal translation

Translation that closely adheres to the wording and construction of the source text. A literal translation usually appears "stilted" and unnatural and is therefore to be avoided unless there is a specific reason for translating literally.

literalness

Form of translation, which consists of producing a very close version to the morphology and structure of the source language.

literary translator

Translator specialising in the translation of literature, such as fiction, biographies and poetry.

loanword

A word or phrase adopted from another language with little or no modification.

localisation (GB), localization (US)

The process of adapting a product (in the context of translation usually software) to a specific locale, i.e. to the language, cultural norms, standards, laws and requirements of the target market. Includes, but is not limited to, translation of the screen texts, help files, etc..

localise

To localise is to adapt software to the local requirements in terms of language and culture (including legal practice and business conventions, for example). Localisation is more likely to be efficient and cost effective if systems are designed taking localisation into account.

LTI ( localization, translation, interpretation )

machine-aided translation, machine-assisted translation

Translation with the aid of computer programs designed to reduce the translator's workload and increase consistency of style and terminology. Basically a database in which all previously translated sentences are stored together with the corresponding source text. If, during translation, a sentence appears that is similar to or identical with a previously translated sentence, the program suggests the found target sentence as a possible translation. The translator then decides whether to accept, edit or reject the proposed sentence. Not to be confused with machine translation!

machine translation (MT)

Translation produced by a computer program or use of a translation program to translate text without human input in the actual translation process. The quality of machine-translated text, in terms of terminology, meaning and grammar, varies depending on the nature and complexity of the source text, but is never good enough for publication without extensive editing. Not to be confused with CAT (computer-aided translation)!

metalanguage

Technical language or system used to discuss another language or system.

morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful element of language i.e. as a semantic element it cannot be divided into smaller elements.

morphology

The branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words. The main branches are inflectional morphology, derivational morphology and compounding.

mother-tongue

One's native language. Often used as an indicator of a translator or interpreter's ability to translate into a particular language. Because a person who has lived in another country for many years (perhaps from childhood) may be more fluent in their second language than they are in their first (i.e. their mother-tongue), the term "language of habitual use" or "dominant language" is often preferred.

multi - authorship

Texts are the result of various interventions, those coming from the author, the rewriter, the translator, the reviser the terminologist, the homogenizer, the coordinator, the linguist, the graphic designer, the project manager or the editor. The author of the final text is no longer an individual author-translator. This is known as the multi-authorship of a text.

multilingual

Multi-lingual is properly used to mean that something exists in a form that can handle several languages but is, in practice, often used to describe the characteristic that versions exist for several languages.

Multilingual Workflow System ( MWS )

A computer program which creates an environment that supports and orchestrates a range of activities that facilitate the development of multilingual products. An MWS should contain a GMS for managing multilingual content, along with TM and MT.

multimedia

Name given to linguistic productions, which have been edited on two or more supports (audio, video, in print).

MultiTerm

Terminology program. Developed by Trados, now published by SDL International. A component of the Trados translation memory program, but also available as a separate product.

native speaker

A person with native-speaker competence in a particular language.

A main focus of computational linguistics, the aim of NLP is to devise techniques to automatically analyze large quantities of spoken (transcribed) or written text in ways that parallel what happens when humans perform this task.

OCR

Optical Character Recognition. OCR is the translation of optically scanned bitmaps of printed or written text characters into character codes such as ASCII. Most OCR systems use a combination of hardware and software to recognise characters.

onomastics

Onomastics is the scientific investigation of proper names.

outsource

To hire a third-party provider to perform tasks or services often performed in-house

parse

To parse is to analyse language in order to establish its structure and relationships at a the levels of syntax and/or semantics.

phoneme

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound (analogous to a morpheme) which can be identified from an acoustic flow of speech and which is semantically distinct..

phonology

The part of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds especially in a particular language.

PM

Project management/project manager. It is the systematic planning, organizing and controlling of allocated resources to accomplish project cost, time and performance objectives. PM is normally reserved for focused, nonrepetitive, time-limited activities with some degree of risk.

pre - press

All the conceptual, graphic, and technical operations necessary for the preparation of a document for printing and postprocessing.

pretranslation

Involves the preparation of files for translation where the existing files already contain related segments of previously translated data. Only 100 % matches are replaced, with the result being a set of files containing both source and target language terminology.

proof-reading, proofreading

Strictly, checking a proof before printing to ensure that no mistakes have been made in typesetting. The term is often used by translators in the sense of revising. When typesetting a translated text, it is advisable to let the translator who performed the translation proofread the typeset document, especially when the text is written in a language foreign to the typesetter.

pseudo - translation

Similar to a test run which seeks to copy the translation process rather than actually produce a translation. A text string is taken and put through a translation-like process which alters it and produces a new string. The text string is frequently changed as a result of this process, so pseudo-translation is done to illustrate the potential problems that may occur when the translation is actually done.

publishing

All the activities linked to the publication of publicity material, carried out by either a company or a publishing house using different media (paper, cassettes, CD, website, etc.).

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review

To examine a target text for its suitability for the agreed purpose and respect for the conventions of the domain to which it belongs and recommend correct measures.

reviewer

Person who reviews.

revise

To examine a translation for its suitability for the agreed purpose, compare source and target texts and recommend corrective measures.

revision

Proofreading process, of checking and correcting a translator carries out on a text generally translated by someone else.

rewriting

Rewriting of a text by a copywriter who writes according to the rules of the craft.

SAE J2450

It is a translation quality metric developed by a subcommittee of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for use in the automotive industry.

SC ( Simplified Chinese )

A Chinese character set used in mainland China and Singapore, modified to be written with fewer strokes per character.

semantic

Part of the structure of language, along with phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics, which involves understanding the meaning of words, sentences and texts.

shallow parser

A shallow parser is computer software which parses language to a point where a rudimentary level of grammatical structure and meaning can be realised; this is often used in order to identify passages of text which can then be analysed in further depth to fulfil the particular objective.

simultaneous interpreting

Oral translation of a speaker's words into another language while the speaker is speaking. The interpreter usually sits in a booth and uses audio equipment. (cf. consecutive interpreting).

source language

Language in which the text to be translated is written.

source text

The text to be translated.

specialised language competence

Familiarity with the relevant subject matter and command of its special language conventions.

spell checker

A spell checker is software which checks the spelling of words, usually embedded in another program such as a word processor, desktop publishing package, spreadsheet, presentation package, etc.

standard line

A standard measure of the size of a text. The standard line length varies from country to country. In Germany, for example, it is usually 55 keystrokes, in Belgium 60. Translation projects are often priced on a per line basis.

standard page

A standard measure of the size of a text, used esp. in the publishing industry and in literary translation. The standard page length may vary from country to country and depending on the sector, but is generally in the region of 1500 to 1800 keystrokes. Translation projects are sometimes priced on a per page basis, although – except in the case of literary translation – this practice is becoming less common, being replaced by the standard line or by the word.

syllabary

A table of syllables or more specifically a set of the syllabic symbols/characters in which each character represents a syllable, used in certain languages such as Japanese.

target audience

The group of people that an interpreter addresses. Used mostly in connection with simultaneous interpreting. Sometimes used (incorrectly) in the sense of target readership.

target language

Language into which a text is to be translated.

target readership

The group of people for which a text is translated, for example subject experts, novices, prospective customers. It is important to specify the target readership when commissioning a translation so that the translator can choose an appropriate style and vocabulary.

target text

The translation, i.e. the result of the translation process.

TC - Traditional Chinese

A Chinese character set used everywhere except mainland China and Singapore. This set is consistent with the original Chinese ideographic form that is several thousand years old.

technolect

The technolect is contained in the socio-style (the language and terminology of a company). Professional jargon characterized by scientific or technical lexical expressions.

terminology

Terminology is increasingly important in today's complex technological environment where there is a host of terminologies which need to be recorded, structured, and made available for language enhanced applications. Many of the most cost-effective applications of language engineering, such as multi-lingual technical document management and machine translation, depend on the availability of the appropriate terminology banks.

terminology extraction (TE)

The creation of a corpus of monolingual or multilingual subject-specific terminology by extracting individual terms and phrases from a body of text.

terminology extraction tool (TET)

A computer program that provides functions to assist with or automate the extraction of terminology from a body of text.

terminology manager

A computer technology application tool that assists in the translation of text from one spoken language to another.

text alignment

Text alignment is the process of organising different language versions of a text in order to be able to identify equivalent terms, phrases, or expressions.

text function

The function served by a text, e.g. to sell a product, to provide instruction on the use of a product, to convey information about an event. It is important to specify the text function when commissioning a translation to so that the translator can choose an appropriate style and vocabulary.

TMX

Translation memory exchange format, designed to allow easier exchange of translation memory data between tools and/or translation vendors with little or no loss of critical data during the process. Supported by the latest versions of most leading translation memory programs.

trados

Former publishers of translation memory program of the same name. Now part of the SDL Trados CAT suite.

translate

To translate is to transform a text from one language to another in a way which preserves the original meaning.

translating competence

Ability to render text into the target language correctly in terms of language, subject matter and idiomatic style, having regard to the text function of both the source text and the target text.

translating, translation

The act of rendering written text from one language into another.

translation environment tool (TET)

A computer program, or a suite of programs, that provides functions to aid human translators in their translation tasks. Includes Translation memory, CAT, localisation and terminology management tools.

translation memory (TM)

In essence a database that stores translated sentences (translation units or segments) with their respective source segments in a database (the "memory"). For each new segment to be translated, the program scans the database for a previous source segment that matches the new segment exactly or approximately (fuzzy match) and, if found, suggest the corresponding target segment as a possible translation. The translator can then accept, modify or reject the suggested translation.

translation service provider (TSP)

Person or organisation supplying translations.

translator

Renders written text from one or more languages into an other language, usually into his/her language of habitual use. May offer additional services, such as desktop publishing or proofreading.

transliteration

To write or print a letter or word using the closest corresponding letters of a different alphabet or language. A systematic way to convert characters in one alphabet or phonetic sounds into another alphabet.

truncation

Truncating text lines in the display means leaving out any text on a line that does not fit within the right margin of the window displaying it. Also, in database searching, the addition of a symbol at the end of a word or word stem so the computer will look for all variants of the word.

unicode

Character encoding standard which, unlike ASCII, uses not 8 but 16 bit character encoding, making possible the representation of virtually all existing character sets (e.g. Latin, Cyrillic, Japanese, Chinese). The use of Unicode simplifies multiple language document and program creation.

voice-over, voiceover

Commentary in, e.g., a film, television programme, video, or commercial spoken by an unseen narrator.

whispering

Similar to simultaneous interpreting, whereby the interpreter sits close to the listener and whispers the translation without technical aids.

word count

A standard measure of the size of a text.

WYSIWYG (( What You See Is What You Get ))

This acronym is used to describe a system in which content displayed during editing appears very similar to the final output, which might be a printed document, web page, slide presentation etc.

XLIFF (( XML Localization Interchange File Format ))

It was specifically designed to support the localization of data and has features for updating strings, revision contro, marking different phases of the localization process, word count calculations, the provision of alternative or suggested language translations, among others. XLIFF is an open standard.

XML (( eXtensible Markup Language ))

A programming language/specification, is a pared-down version of SGML, an international standard for the publication and delivery of electronic information, designed especially for web documents.

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zero error

In spite of the fact that absolute perfection does not exist, "zero error", even in linguistic services, is the highest degree of excellence.